PSYCHOLOGY FACTS: in 1 line

The word Psychology comes from a Greek word- psychos meaning soul and logos meaning the study of.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

William Wundt is the father of experimental psychology and the first man to define psychology.

Psychology is a social science

Reticular formation: Reticular formation is a part of the brain that sends signals "alert" to the higher centers in response to incoming messages. It is a widespread network of neurons.

Psychophysics can be defined as the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation.

Prejudice is an example of negative behavior towards people

The hippocampus is a region of the brain that is primarily associated with memory. It is derived from the Greek word hippocampus (where hippo means 'horse' and kampos means 'sea horse') as the shape of its structure is similar to the sea horse. It plays an important role in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Gender does not contribute to memory

Individual differences - different people react differently to different situations

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who believed that knowledge is acquired through learning and experience.

Pure psychology is a theoretical science that seeks to understand human behavior and cognition. It is also known as academic or experimental psychology. Pure psychology is research-oriented and aims to develop fundamental principles and theories. The goal of pure psychology is to extend and improve human knowledge. eg- legal psychology.

Pure psychology is different from applied psychology, which is a practical science. Applied psychology uses the theories developed by pure psychology to improve human life and conduct.

General psychology is the study of the basic principles and methods of psychology. It includes the study of human development, emotions, motivation, learning, memory, senses, thinking, perception, processing, and intelligence. General psychology is the foundation of the science of psychology.

Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of abnormal behavior, emotions, and thoughts that could indicate a mental disorder. The goal of abnormal psychology is to predict, explain, diagnose, and treat maladaptive behavior.

William James published his book- Principles of Psychology in 1890.

William James founded the school of functionalism in psychology

John Dewey was a pioneer of functional psychology

John B. Watson founded behaviorism school

Edward Kitchener founded structuralism.

The first psychology department in India was established in 1916 at Calcutta University. The department was called the Department of Experimental Psychology. Dr. N.N. Sen Gupta, an Indian psychologist, philosopher, and professor, led the establishment of the department. He is often called the father of Indian psychology.

The first psychology laboratory in India was also established at Calcutta University in 1921. This laid the foundation for psychology as an academic discipline in India.

Aristotle promoted the foundation of elementism.

Aristotle's psychology included a study into the formation of the human mind,

a social psychologist may be called to lessen the tensions between workers and management.

psychological method to solve practical problems: relaxation training, record keeping, positive self-statements, etc.

"Clinical psychology is now the largest field of specialization"- Morgan and King

First Psychology uni- Leipzig, Germany- 1879

Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena (extrasensory perception, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis (also called telekinesis), and psychometry) and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near-death experiences, synchronicity, apparitional experiences, etc.

Psychosociology or psycho-sociology is the study of problems common to psychology and sociology, particularly the way individual behavior is influenced by the groups the person belongs to. For example, in the study of criminals, psychology studies the personality of the criminal shaped by the criminal's upbringing.

Geopsychology is the study of how a person's surroundings influence their thought processes, emotions, and behavior. Businesses may develop more persuasive branding strategies that connect with their target audience by comprehending how people and their surroundings interact

National Academy of Psychology (NAOP)- founded in 1989

changes mean making things different. intentional and goal-oriented changes are called planned changes.

changing agents are people or things responsible for the change or leading to changes.

Legal psychology is a form of applied psychology.

Willian James published the book Principles of Psychology in 1890.

William James was the founder of the behaviorism school of Psychology,

The first psychology department was established at Calcutta University in 1916.

William McDougall gave the first definition of psychology and helped develop the theory of instinct.

Aristotle promoted the formulation of elementalism

A social psychologist would try to lessen the tensions between management and workers. They study how society, social influence, social perception, and social interaction influence individual and group behavior.

Placebo effect: A placebo is a pharmacologically inactive substance that a person is told will have a desired effect. For example sugar pills. For those who believe in the effectiveness of a placebo, considerable pain relief is possible and there is evidence linking the placebo effect with the opiate brain systems (Lavine et al. 1979).

Haptics- a study of non-verbal communication transmitted via the sense of touch. Geng(2011) emphasizes that touch can be an effective tool to control students with ADHD.

ADHD- This is a very common behavioural disorder found among children of the primary school age. It is characterised by impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and an inability to attend. The disorder is more prevalent among boys than among girls. If not managed properly, the attention difficulties may persist into adolescence or adult years. Difficulty in sustaining attention is the central feature of this disorder, which gets reflected in several other domains of the child. For example, such children are highly distractible; they do not follow instructions, have difficulty in getting along with parents, and are negatively viewed by their peers. They do poorly in school, and show difficulties in reading or learning basic subjects in schools in spite of the fact that there is no deficit in their intelligence.

Disagreement remains over the most effective method of treatment of ADHD. A drug, called Ritalin, is widely used, which decreases children’s over-activity and distractibility, and at the same time increases their attention and ability to concentrate. However, it does not “cure” the problem, and often also results in such negative side-effects as the suppression in normal growth of height and weight. On the other hand, behavioural management programmes, featuring positive reinforcement and structuring learning materials and tasks in such a way that minimises errors and maximises immediate feedback and success, have been found quite useful. Successful modification of ADHD is claimed with cognitive behavioural training programme in which rewards for desired behaviours are combined with training in the use of verbal self- instructions (stop, think, and then do). With this procedure, the ADHD children learn to shift their attention less frequently and to behave reflectively — a learning that is relatively stable over time.

model: an abstraction of reality. a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon.

dependent variable: a response that is affected by an independent variable.

independent variable: the presumed cause of some change in a dependent variable.

productivity: a performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency.

effectiveness: achievement of goals

efficiency: the ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it

absenteeism: failure to report to work

turnover: voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

deviant workplace behavior: voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and in doing so threatens the well-being or an organization or its members.

job satisfaction: a positive feeling about one's job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. it works on the belief that satisfied employees are more productive than dissatisfied employees although still question the relationship between satisfaction and performance.

Decisions making methods::

Huristics- thumb rules (resemblance)/ special rules to make decisions

Social cognition - are tempt to understand the social word we perceive, interpret, and analyse the world.

Representativeness- we make decisions on the basis of similarity through experience.

Schema- helps analyse social object and form mental framework

Since we don't know the base rate, judging on the basis of heuristic can cause biasis and errors

For a desease: the effect of magnitude on cause and effect=

the more the magnitude ->the more the effect.

Availability: the ability to recall the info(based on retrieval). If you remember more good things about a person, you have a positive impression of them...

Anchoring and adjustment: setting an initial point then increasing or decreasing the value